HMVP Virus | Full Details | 2025 Virus In India | HMVP Virus Problem 
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Full Details
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. It is a common cause of respiratory infections, particularly in children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Discovery and Classification
- Discovered: 2001 by Dutch scientists.
- Genus: Metapneumovirus.
- Family: Paramyxoviridae.
- Genome: Single-stranded RNA virus.
- Subgroups: Two main groups (A and B), each with sublineages (A1, A2, B1, B2).
Epidemiology
- HMPV is a global pathogen, with infections occurring year-round and peaking in late winter and early spring in temperate climates.
- At-risk groups:
- Infants and young children.
- Elderly individuals.
- Immunocompromised patients.
- People with chronic respiratory diseases.
Transmission
- Modes:
- Respiratory droplets (e.g., coughing, sneezing).
- Direct contact with contaminated surfaces or secretions.
- Highly contagious, similar to other respiratory viruses like RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus).
Symptoms
Symptoms range from mild to severe and resemble those of other respiratory infections:
- Mild cases:
- Runny nose.
- Cough.
- Sore throat.
- Fever.
- Fatigue.
- Severe cases:
- Wheezing.
- Difficulty breathing.
- Bronchiolitis.
- Pneumonia.
Severe symptoms are more likely in vulnerable populations.
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Diagnosis
HMPV is diagnosed through:
- Clinical observation: Based on symptoms, though not specific.
- Laboratory tests:
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects viral RNA.
- Rapid antigen tests.
- Serology: Measures antibodies in the blood.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Management focuses on supportive care:
- Mild cases:
- Rest.
- Hydration.
- Over-the-counter medications for fever or pain.
- Severe cases:
- Supplemental oxygen.
- Mechanical ventilation in extreme cases.
Experimental antivirals and monoclonal antibodies are under investigation.
Prevention
- Hygiene measures:
- Regular handwashing.
- Avoid touching the face.
- Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces.
- Avoid exposure:
- Stay away from infected individuals.
- Practice respiratory etiquette (e.g., covering coughs and sneezes).
- Vaccines:
- No approved vaccine currently, but several candidates are in clinical trials.
Impact on Health
- Children: A leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 5.
- Elderly and high-risk individuals: Can lead to severe complications and prolonged hospital stays.
- Coinfections: Common with other viruses like RSV, influenza, or bacterial infections, complicating diagnosis and treatment.
Recent Research Trends
- Focus on vaccine development and antiviral therapies.
- Studies on the virus's immune evasion mechanisms and pathogenesis.
- Improved diagnostics for early and accurate detection.
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